So, you’ve been to the dentist, who discovered a deep cavity or crack and told you need a root canal procedure.

Most people think of the old type of root canal, which was historically quite painful.

Don’t worry!

Modern canal treatments have come a long way since then. That’s why our dental expert at Enlighten, Dr Sanjay Patel, explains everything about a root canal procedure – from what it is to how it’s done — so you can feel more confident heading into your treatment.

What is a root canal?

A root canal treatment is a dental procedure designed to treat infection or damage inside a tooth, specifically in the soft tissue in the centre — known as the pulp.

The pulp contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue, extending from the crown of the tooth to the roots. When the pulp becomes infected or inflamed due to deep decay, cracks, trauma, or repeated dental procedures, it can cause severe pain and lead to abscesses if left untreated.

How do you know if you need a root canal?

A root canal is necessary when the pulp, the soft tissue inside a tooth, becomes damaged, inflamed, or infected.

The tooth's outer structure, including the crown visible above the gums, can often remain intact even if the pulp is no longer healthy. Removing the affected pulp helps protect the tooth and prevent further complications.

What can cause pulp damage?

· Untreated cavities lead to deep decay.

· Multiple dental treatments on the same tooth.

· Cracks or chips in the tooth.

· Injury or trauma to the tooth (even if the tooth doesn’t crack, the pulp can still suffer damage).

Signs of pulp issues:

· Persistent tooth pain.

· Swollen or tender gums.

· A sensation of heat or throbbing around the affected area.

To determine if a root canal is required, your dentist will examine the tooth and may use X-rays to confirm the condition. If needed, they might refer you to an endodontist, a specialist in root canal therapy.

How is a root canal performed?

Examination and diagnosis

The dentist or endodontist starts by conducting a thorough examination to assess the tooth's condition. This typically involves taking X-rays to determine the extent of damage or infection within the pulp and surrounding bone.

A local anaesthesia is administered to numb the area around the tooth, ensuring the procedure is pain-free. For anxious patients, sedation options may also be available.

A dental dam (a protective rubber sheet) is placed around the tooth to keep it dry and free from saliva during the procedure.

Accessing the pulp

A small opening is drilled in the crown (top surface) of the tooth to access the pulp chamber. The size and position of the opening depend on the tooth being treated (front teeth versus molars).

This step is performed carefully to avoid damaging the surrounding tooth structure. Because of the anaesthetic, you typically won’t feel anything — so don’t worry.

Removing the pulp

Using specialised instruments, the dentist removes the infected or inflamed pulp from the pulp chamber and root canals.

The pulp contains nerves and blood vessels, so removing it eliminates pain and stops the spread of infection.

If the infection has caused an abscess near the tooth root, this is also treated during the procedure.

Cleaning and shaping the canals

Once the pulp is removed, the root canals are thoroughly cleaned to eliminate bacteria, tissue remnants, and debris.

The canals are then shaped and widened using small files to prepare them for the filling material.

An antibacterial solution is often used to disinfect the canals and reduce the risk of reinfection.

Filling the canals

After cleaning, the canals are dried to ensure no moisture remains, as this could promote bacterial growth.

The dentist fills the canals with a rubber-like material — known as a gutta-percha — which is heated and compacted to seal the space completely.

In some cases, an adhesive cement is also used to create a more secure seal. This prevents bacteria from re-entering the canals.

Sealing the tooth

A temporary filling or sealant is placed in the access hole created earlier. This protects the tooth while a permanent restoration, such as a crown, is being prepared.

If the tooth is structurally weakened, a post may be inserted into the root canal to provide additional support for the restoration.

Restoring the tooth

In a subsequent visit, the temporary filling is removed, and the tooth is restored with a permanent filling or crown.

A crown is often recommended for molars or teeth with extensive decay as it provides extra strength and durability.

The restoration ensures the tooth can withstand normal chewing forces and prevents further damage.

Root canal aftercare

After a root canal, it’s important to care for your teeth and the treated area for a few weeks or until your dentist advises otherwise.

Here are some aftercare tips to follow:

1. Avoid hard foods

Refrain from biting down on hard foods or ice or using your treated tooth for heavy chewing until your dentist gives you the go-ahead. For the first few days, stick to soft foods like mashed potatoes, yoghurt, scrambled eggs, and smoothies. It's also best to avoid foods that are too hot or cold.

2. Take pain relievers

You can use over-the-counter pain relievers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, to help manage any discomfort.

3. Reduce swelling

To reduce swelling, apply a cold compress to the treated area for 10-15 minutes several times a day. You can also prop your head up with an extra pillow while sleeping to minimise swelling.

4. Avoid smoking

Smoking can hinder healing and increase the risk of infection. Try to refrain from smoking for at least 24 hours after the procedure.

5. Avoid alcohol

Alcohol can irritate the treated area and cause dryness in your mouth, so it’s best to avoid it.

6. Brush and floss

Make sure to brush your teeth after every meal and floss once a day. Be gentle around the treated tooth to avoid irritation.

7. Use antibacterial mouthwash

An antibacterial mouthwash can help reduce germs, guard against infection and promote healing.

8. Rinse with salt water

Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a cup of warm water and rinse, swish, and spit up to three times a day to soothe the area and keep it clean.

Want teeth that dazzle? Choose Enlighten

At Enlighten, we understand that each smile is one of a kind and deserves personalised attention. That’s why we provide a gentle & customised whitening treatment designed to transform your teeth into pearly whites.

Visit one of our certified dentists to have an impression of your teeth so that they can provide you with one of our precision applicator trays. In just three weeks, you’ll reach VITA shade B1 and beyond!

Want to know more?

Explore our expert guides filled with helpful tips, advice, and the latest updates to help you maintain a bright, confident smile.

FAQs

1. Is a root canal painful?

A root canal is no more painful than other common dental procedures, such as fillings or wisdom tooth extractions, as anaesthesia is used to numb the area. However, after the procedure, you may experience some soreness or numbness, which is typically mild. It's also common to have some discomfort for a few days following the treatment.

2. How do you know if you need a root canal?

A root canal may be necessary if you have a cracked tooth from an injury or genetic factors, deep decay, or problems arising from a previous filling. Typically, the need for a root canal is signalled by increased sensitivity, especially to hot and cold.

Signs that you may need a root canal include:

· Severe pain when chewing or biting.

· Pimples on the gums.

· A cracked or chipped tooth.

· Persistent sensitivity to hot or cold, even after the source of the sensation is removed.

· Swollen or tender gums.

· Darkening or deep decay of the tooth.

3. How long does it take to recover from a root canal?

Most patients experience numbness for 2-4 hours after the procedure, but many can return to school or work immediately after the treatment. It is recommended to avoid eating until the numbness has completely worn off to prevent accidental biting or injury to the treated area.